The rising global energy demand and environmental concerns from fossil fuel use have accelerated research into renewable energy technologies, with photovoltaics (PV) at the forefront. This chapter reviews recent trends in advanced nanomaterials for PV applications, emphasizing strategies to enhance efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness. The discussion encompasses crystalline silicon (c-Si), thin-film, dye-sensitized, perovskite, and emerging quantum dot (QD) solar cells (QDSC), highlighting the roles of nanostructuring, heterojunction engineering, and surface passivation in enhancing light absorption and charge transport. Particular attention is given to metal oxides, carbon-based nanomaterials, perovskite nanostructures, and hybrid composites that enable tunable optical and electronic properties. Advances in fabrication methods, stability optimization, and interface engineering are explored alongside challenges in scalability and environmental impact. The chapter underscores that integrating multifunctional nanomaterials with innovative device architectures holds significant promise for next-generation PV technologies capable of meeting global clean energy demands.