With the increasing demand for portable, wearable, and implantable electronics, miniaturized energy storage devices (MESDs), including microbatteries (MBs) and micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are greatly stimulated in recent years. With respect to the two indispensable aspects of MESDs, electrochemically active materials synthesis and microelectrode design are of great importance. Herein, the recent advancements, electrochemical mechanisms, and the applications of MBs based on unique and high-performance materials, especially two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are comprehensively reviewed; also, the emerging microfabrication strategies related to the MESDs are compared. Furthermore, future research trends, opportunities, and challenges related to the 2D TMDs-based MESDs, especially the MBs, are provided for the promising development and application of next-generation MESDs.