Rooftop Agriculture (RTA) represents a promising strategy to enhance urban resilience by tackling food insecurity, reducing urban heat island effects, and utilizing underused spaces more effectively. This study combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with climate simulation tools such as ENVI-met to evaluate rooftop suitability, optimize resource allocation, and improve RTA outcomes. The main objectives of this review are to analyze trends, assess suitability methods, evaluate development impacts and technological advancements in RTA, determine its economic, environmental, and social benefits, and identify policy interventions to enhance implementation. This review maintains PRISMA 2020 standards to examine 44 studies from 2010 up to 2024. The databases of Scopus and Web of Science, together with Google Scholar and ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink, took part in an extensive search. Boolean operators AND, OR were applied to narrow down the search results using the combined keywords “rooftop agriculture,” “GIS,” “climate modeling,” and “urban resilience.” RTA deployment has skyrocketed in New York and Singapore, and Tokyo by more than 30%. Rooftop site selection and productivity enhancement depend heavily on ENVI-met climate simulation tools together with GIS technology. GIS-based rooftop suitability assessments provide results with enhanced accuracy at a 40% improvement level, and ENVI-met simulation results show green roofs can lower temperatures in the surrounding areas between 2–5 ℃ with a concurrent reduction in cooling energy needs by 10–15%. The implementation of rooftop agriculture enhances food security because it provides up to 20% of the fresh vegetables needed by urban populations. The practice of RTA generates economic opportunities that create employment opportunities at a rate of 15–20 people for each cultivated hectare. Rooftop gardens capture between 2.3 and 4.5 kg of CO₂ from each square meter of land and boost air quality and urban greenery by 10–15% as their environmental benefit. Despite its benefits, challenges like structural limitations, regulatory barriers, and water management constraints hinder large-scale adoption. Policy frameworks and strategic investments are essential to scaling up RTA and addressing the challenges posed by urbanization and climate change. This review highlights the need for continued research and innovation to unlock the full potential of RTA in urban areas.