The pivotal role of plantation-based approaches in restoring degraded lands within India’s rainfed ecosystems is underscored by the significant challenges these regions face, including soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and water scarcity, all of which are further intensified by climate change. These challenges pose a threat to both agricultural productivity and the overall integrity of the ecosystems. The chapter assesses the current state of rainfed ecosystems in India, shedding light on the extent and underlying causes of land degradation. It introduces plantation-based land restoration as a promising strategy, examining its potential to address crucial aspects such as soil health, water conservation, biodiversity enhancement, and the improvement of rural livelihoods. Various plantation models, including agroforestry systems, silvopasture, and mixed species plantations, are analyzed, with insightful case studies from diverse agroecological zones of India demonstrating successful implementation and evaluating impacts on soil quality, water retention, biodiversity, and agricultural productivity. The chapter also explores the challenges and opportunities associated with scaling up these approaches, encompassing discussions on policy frameworks, community engagement, and technological innovations. Ultimately, the analysis underscores the significant potential of plantation-based approaches to contribute to land restoration, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development in India’s vulnerable rainfed areas.