Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a member of the Begomovirus genus, is a highly devastating pathogen accountable for significant yield losses in tomatoes, cucurbits, and other horticultural crops. This virus is primarily transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), an invasive, polyphagous, and cosmopolitan insect with a broad host range. Epidemiology and rapid spread of ToLCNDV depend on the Genetic variability, biotype distribution, reproductive efficiency, and feeding habit of the whitefly. The intricate mechanism of virus-vector interaction involves the binding of viral coat proteins with the apical membrane receptors of the salivary gland and midgut, facilitating the circulative and persistent transmission. The population dynamics of the vector and the systemic spread of the virus also depend on the bioavailability of host plants, alternate hosts, as well as abiotic factors like relative humidity, temperature, and rainfall. ToLCNDV and B. tabaci can be adapted to each other’s biology and environment as a result of co-evolution to enhance the ability of the virus to thrive inside the vector and the vector’s ability to transmit the virus. A thorough knowledge of the intricate process of how viruses and vectors interact in a way that leads to virus spread can help in developing effective management practices for ToLCNDV sustainably to curb the deleterious impacts of this virus on the global economy.