There is massive interest in the use of natural and functional foods as medicinal products. This growing interest has spotlighted medicinal mushrooms as potent allies for enhancing brain health. These medicinal mushrooms have attracted massive attention in recent years for their remarkable potential to support brain health and cognitive function. This presents a comprehensive overview of select mushroom species that demonstrates significant neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, and adaptogenic properties in the emerging category of brain-boosting superfoods. This chapter explores the cognitive and neuroprotective benefits of key species, including Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus), Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris), Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), Maitake (Grifola frondosa), and Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor). They contain bioactive compounds such as beta-glucans, triterpenes, hericenones, and cordycepin, which support brain health through multiple mechanisms. Lion’s Mane stimulates nerve growth factor (NGF) production, enhancing neurogenesis and memory. Reishi modulates stress responses and improves sleep via its adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Cordyceps boosts mitochondrial function and mental endurance by increasing ATP synthesis. Chaga’s high antioxidant capacity mitigates oxidative stress, while Maitake regulates glucose metabolism and neuroinflammation. Turkey Tail supports the gut–brain axis, promoting cognitive stability through prebiotic effects. Preclinical and clinical studies highlight their potential in addressing neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, though further standardized human trials are needed. As global interest in integrative approaches to brain health continues to gain awareness, this chapter underscores the importance of medicinal mushrooms as accessible, sustainable, and scientifically validated nutraceuticals based on continued research, hence it serves as a comprehensive introduction for researchers, clinicians, and health-conscious individuals seeking natural interventions to support mental clarity, cognitive function, and overall brain vitality as emerging superfoods in modern neuroscience and nutritional therapy.