Soil salinization, accelerated by climate change and unsustainable agricultural practices, threatens global food security by degrading arable land and reducing crop yields. Biosaline agriculture—leveraging salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) and saline water resources—offers a sustainable solution to these challenges. This chapter explores the ecological, physiological, and practical applications of halophytes in biosaline agriculture for transforming salt-affected landscapes into productive agricultural systems. It presents a comprehensive overview of halophyte biology, highlighting their genetic, morphological, and biochemical adaptations that enable survival in saline environments. Emphasis is placed on the use of halophytes for food, fodder, oilseed production, and phytoremediation, as well as their bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential. The common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) is introduced as a model plant for studying adaptive mechanisms to harsh conditions, showcasing its value in both research and agriculture. By integrating biological and ecological strategies, biosaline agriculture can enhance soil health, conserve freshwater, and improve resilience to climate stress. This chapter aims to equip readers with foundational knowledge of halophyte-based systems to help them understand the critical role that these systems play in the development of sustainable agriculture for the future.