Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles build up in the brain of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Because of the limited effectiveness of current treatments, new approaches to prevention and therapy are required. The neuroprotective potential of polyphenols, a varied group of bioactive chemicals originating from plants, has attracted a lot of attention. They are potential options for treating AD because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metal-chelating qualities, as well as their capacity to alter signaling pathways and lower Aβ aggregation. This chapter explores the molecular processes that discover the therapeutic potential of polyphenols in AD. We investigate their functions in reducing oxidative stress, preventing the development of Aβ fibrils, boosting autophagy, and adjusting gut-brain axis interactions. The chapter also covers issues related to the bioavailability of polyphenols and methods to enhance their medicinal value, such as dietary changes and delivery systems based on nanotechnology. This chapter highlights polyphenols as new modulators of Alzheimer’s pathogenesis and their potential for managing neurodegenerative diseases by combining knowledge from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research.