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The 1521 Report on the Portuguese was the most influential document on Sino-European relations of the Ming era. In it, the Ministry of Rites explicitly denounced the Portuguese embassy. But the true targets were in fact Yang Tinghe’s factional rivals: the Supreme Commander of Guangdong-Guangxi and the Ministry of War.

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The 1521 Report on the Portuguese

  • 章节

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • James Masaki Fujitani

摘要

The 1521 Report on the Portuguese was the most influential document on Sino-European relations of the Ming era. In it, the Ministry of Rites explicitly denounced the Portuguese embassy. But the true targets were in fact Yang Tinghe’s factional rivals: the Supreme Commander of Guangdong-Guangxi and the Ministry of War.