Low back pain (LBP) is an extremely common problem for patients to seek medical care in both primary care and emergency settings. The etiologies differ depending on the patient population, but most commonly, it is mechanical or nonspecific. Inflammatory disorders, malignancy, trauma, osteoporosis, radiculopathy, degenerative disc disease, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, spine deformity, or infection are all parts of the differential. Distinguishing mechanical back pain from radiculopathy is an essential first step in the diagnosis of back pain. Also, certain conditions such as cauda equina syndrome, tumors, and chronic tubercular infection can present with back pain as the chief complaint. Knowing the typical red flag signs (discussed here) aids in diagnosis. The current chapter will help readers understand the etiology of back pain, how to evaluate and reach a diagnosis based on history and clinical examination alone, and how to treat back pain via pharmacological, interventional, surgical, non-pharmacological, and/or alternative treatment modalities.