From Respect to Reproach: Persian Honorifics and V Pronoun as Resources for Negative Sanctions
摘要
Person reference forms used to address a co-interactant can display the speaker’s social stance towards the addressee or social action performed at a particular moment of interaction. Drawing from a corpus of naturally occurring interaction among close family members in Iran, this chapter showcases two linguistic resources in Persian: (a) V pronouns (free standing and affixed forms) when addressing a T coparticipant and (b) honorifics addressed at an intimate interlocutor. Using multimodal conversation analysis, the data show that in the context of breached norms and/or disaffiliation, these resources contribute to negatively sanctioning social misconduct. Contrary to the long-held understanding of V pronouns and honorifics displaying deference and affiliation in Persian, the findings demonstrate that these devices can be used to hold the recipient accountable for some socially faulty behaviour and recalibrate intimate interactants’ relationship from an unmarked tutoyer to a temporary vouvoyer stance to deal some breached expectation. They can mark the speaker’s stance as someone who is putting the interlocutor’s behaviour back in line and having the right to do so. In many cases, the pronoun shift from T to V and/or honorifics are produced when the speaker pursues alignment with their initial stance-taking or action after the coparticipant has missed an earlier opportunity to display alignment. The results underscore the context-dependent nature of many linguistic forms and the need to analyse them within their social environment using micro-analytic research methodologies.