The steep rise in energy demand worldwide has induced several countries to use renewable and clean energy sources. In addition to solar, wind, and hydrogen energies, microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has become a rising alternative source. MFC, a bioelectrochemical system, has a unique property of converting carbon-rich wastewater into bioelectricity using microorganisms. The membrane used in MFC acts as a barrier between the two electrode (i.e., anode and cathode) compartments while allowing the exchange of radicals across the chambers. Additionally, minimal sludge generation compared to conventional activated sludge processes is a major advantage. This chapter provides a brief overview of MFC technologies and their various components for the simultaneous mineralization of pollutants and bioelectricity generation. The working principle and the various designs of MFCs are briefly described. The electrodes are considered to be a vital part as they provide surface area for biofilm growth and chemical reactions (oxidation and reduction). Hence, the ideal characteristics of electrodes and conventional electrodes that were used are described briefly. Recent modifications and their performances are presented. Moreover, the role of the proton exchange membrane in MFC and its recent modifications are addressed. Further, the major bottlenecks, which restrict the real-field application of MFC for energy production during wastewater treatment, are included in this chapter.