This study explores pathways for enhancing university teachers’ teaching competency from a problem-oriented perspective, providing a multidimensional analysis of key factors and underlying mechanisms. It thoroughly examines the current status and challenges of teaching development centres within universities across Hunan Province, China, and details the design and implementation outcomes of the “Dual-Engine” Teaching Workshop launched by the Center for Teaching and Learning Development of Central South University. Findings reveal that contemporary university teachers face ongoing challenges posed by the continuous evolution of educational philosophies and pedagogical demands. In response, this study proposes a “Four-Force Synergy Model” for teacher development, comprising: supporting force, driving force, guiding force, and intrinsic drive. The model aims to offer comprehensive and multi-level support to promote university teachers’ holistic development in professional growth, pedagogical approaches, course design and student cultivation.