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Despite globally low adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) among smallholder farmers, the Adaptation and Mitigation Initiative in Agriculture (AMIA) Village program in Benito Soliven, Philippines, achieved remarkable community-wide success. The research question is: What aspects of the AMIA Village program earned Filipino smallholder farmers’ trust toward community-wide CSA engagement? This qualitative case study employed an explanatory single-case embedded design, comparing Lucban (AMIA Village) and Yeban Sur (non-AMIA Village) barangays. Using Lumineau and Schilke (J Trust Res 8(2):238–248, 2018) trust-building framework integrated with Mayer et al.’s (Acad Manage Rev 20(3):709–734, 1995) organizational trust model, data collection involved farmer interviews (26 participants), stakeholder consultations, literature review, and conference validation. Thematic analysis revealed three key trust-building mechanisms: motivational mechanisms through comprehensive value chain support demonstrating institutional benevolence; attentional mechanisms via multi-layered extension services showing competence; and interpretive mechanisms through inclusive governance symbolizing sustained commitment. The study introduces the “contra-autonomy paradox”—farmers experience autonomy while remaining dependent on external support, highlighting the critical challenge of transitioning from externally driven compliance to farmer-led adaptation. Findings demonstrate how culturally sensitive approaches using the “Sirmata” (dream/vision) participatory method achieve complete CSA adoption when programs honor farmer aspirations. However, results reveal the urgent need for evolving beyond dependency toward autonomous stewardship where farmer-led climate-smart innovations combine scientific knowledge with generational wisdom as locally appropriate solutions. This research contributes to CSA literature while advancing UN Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 13, and 17, offering insights for scaling climate-resilient agriculture toward authentic farmer-led adaptation. Future research should investigate transition mechanisms from external support to farmer-led innovation networks.

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From “Sirmata” to Reality: A Climate-Smart Agriculture Adoption Success in Benito Soliven, Philippines

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Beata Maria F. De Ocampo

摘要

Despite globally low adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) among smallholder farmers, the Adaptation and Mitigation Initiative in Agriculture (AMIA) Village program in Benito Soliven, Philippines, achieved remarkable community-wide success. The research question is: What aspects of the AMIA Village program earned Filipino smallholder farmers’ trust toward community-wide CSA engagement? This qualitative case study employed an explanatory single-case embedded design, comparing Lucban (AMIA Village) and Yeban Sur (non-AMIA Village) barangays. Using Lumineau and Schilke (J Trust Res 8(2):238–248, 2018) trust-building framework integrated with Mayer et al.’s (Acad Manage Rev 20(3):709–734, 1995) organizational trust model, data collection involved farmer interviews (26 participants), stakeholder consultations, literature review, and conference validation. Thematic analysis revealed three key trust-building mechanisms: motivational mechanisms through comprehensive value chain support demonstrating institutional benevolence; attentional mechanisms via multi-layered extension services showing competence; and interpretive mechanisms through inclusive governance symbolizing sustained commitment. The study introduces the “contra-autonomy paradox”—farmers experience autonomy while remaining dependent on external support, highlighting the critical challenge of transitioning from externally driven compliance to farmer-led adaptation. Findings demonstrate how culturally sensitive approaches using the “Sirmata” (dream/vision) participatory method achieve complete CSA adoption when programs honor farmer aspirations. However, results reveal the urgent need for evolving beyond dependency toward autonomous stewardship where farmer-led climate-smart innovations combine scientific knowledge with generational wisdom as locally appropriate solutions. This research contributes to CSA literature while advancing UN Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 13, and 17, offering insights for scaling climate-resilient agriculture toward authentic farmer-led adaptation. Future research should investigate transition mechanisms from external support to farmer-led innovation networks.