This chapter explores Top innovative talent cultivation policy in Japan. After World War II, to rapidly develop its economy, Japan began to pay attention to training its top innovative talents. At the beginning, Japan’s top innovative talents were cultivated mainly in the field of higher education, with special emphasis on the industry-university-research cooperation model, that is, through the close cooperation between higher education institutions and enterprises, to jointly cultivate talents with innovative ability and practical experience. As this model has achieved initial results in the field of higher education, the Japanese government has gradually turned its attention to the basic education stage, especially the selection and training of talents in basic disciplines. To this end, the Japanese government has launched several innovative initiatives, such as the “Junior Doctoral School” and “Super Science High School” programs.