This chapter involves top innovative talent cultivation policy in Russia. In the long-term process of building a powerful education country, China is continuing to promote the exploration of top-notch innovative talent training system, to provide a strong driving force for it. A series of public policies represented by the merit-based education system are the key components of the Russian talent training system. Analyzing the mechanism and logic of the evolution of the Russian education system will not only help us to understand and solve the outstanding problems faced by the construction of a high-quality education system and the training of top innovative talents, but also enable us to grasp the evolution trend of the Russian education system. At present, there are some studies in the academic circle that focus on Russia’s scientific and technological innovation and talent training policies, but most of them concentrate on specific subdivisions. These studies lack integration and linkage at the macro level, and need to be sorted out and linked on a large-scale and systematic basis. This chapter takes a time span of more than 70 years from the end of World War II to the present, taking into account the comprehensive international situation, domestic situation and other factors.