The increasing challenges of climate change and resource shortages have led to a global focus on sustainable development and energy consumption. Cities and buildings, as major energy consumers, play a key role in addressing these issues. Energy-efficient urban and architectural design has become a central focus for researchers and designers. While much attention has been given to building energy performance, buildings are also affected by their surrounding urban environment, meaning that district-scale urban form also impacts energy consumption. Previous studies have focused on elements such as density, floor-area ratio (FAR), and building height, but these alone do not fully describe the urban space created by buildings. Block-scale indicators should also be considered. These indicators affect public space quality and pedestrian experience, making it necessary to explore their relationship with building energy performance. This study proposes key public space indicators, such as alignment ratio, effective street length, and street space density, based on urban design guidelines and practice. By designing six urban form types with the same FAR but different public space indicators, the study simulates energy consumption for each type. The research results indicate that courtyard-dominated form types outperform tower and slab types in terms of both low energy consumption and high public space contribution. The difference between the best and worst energy performance is 9%, while the difference in urban design form indicators can be as high as 11.5 times. Additionally, for morphological types with similar energy consumption, the differences in urban design form indicators are approximately 1.7 times and 4.6 times, respectively. These results suggest the existence of urban form types that can simultaneously optimize energy performance and public space contribution. Even morphological types that perform slightly worse in one aspect have the potential for balance and optimization, thereby offering new possibilities and inspiration for early-stage considerations of morphological types in practical urban design processes. The study compares the results to examine the relationship between urban form elements, particularly design indicators, and building energy performance, aiming to offer a design perspective that balances low-energy districts with high-quality public spaces.