Blue and green spaces (BGSs) can provide thermal environment regulation service through cooling effect and consequently alleviate urban heat island (UHI) effect. This research selected Weifang urban core area (WUCA) in Shandong Province, China as the study area. An evaluation model was developed to assess both thermal environment regulation service supply capacity (TERSSC) and demand level (TERSDL), with their spatial distribution patterns being systematically analyzed. Moreover, we further analyzed the matching relationship between the TERSSC and the TERSDL and clarified obstacle factors affecting the TERSSC and the TERSDL. The results showed that (1) in the WUCA, the TERSSC, the TERSDL and their primary indicators all show a strong spatial autocorrelation effect. The TERSSC shows a decreasing trend from peripheral urban areas with dense BGSs to central built-up zones, while the TERSDL presents an opposite spatial distribution pattern. (2)The spatial correspondence between the TERSSC and the TERSDL demonstrates pronounced polarization characteristics. The area proportion of the quantitative matching states increases as the priority index value decrease. (3) Low-supply-high-demand mismatch zones predominantly coincide with densely populated urban centers. These areas require stringent regulation of human activities and urban development, including control of impervious surface ratios and building densities, coupled with strategic implementation and optimization of BGSs. Conversely, high-supply-low-demand mismatch areas primarily correspond to ecological spaces characterized by low population density and abundant vegetation-water resources. It is essential to maintain the present status, protect the original BGSs, strengthen human activities and urban construction befittingly, and further improve utilization of the thermal environment regulation service reasonably.