The advancement of urbanization can exacerbate the heat island effect, bringing certain impacts and challenges to human settlement environment and sustainable development. Land Surface Temperature is a crucial metric for highlighting variations in urban thermal environments. Utilizing Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS satellite remote sensing data, this research offers a detailed examination of the spatial distribution and changes in LST through the lens of Local Climate Zones. The results indicated that: (1) The area occupied by built-up types is 13.68% lower than that of natural cover types. Additionally, urbanization has led to the fragmentation of blue-green ecosystems in central urban regions. (2) The high temperature zone (24.11–27.75 °C) occupies 3.43% of the total area, mainly found in developed regions along the study area’s boundary and in patches of bare soil within urban districts. In contrast, the low-temperature zone (11.64–13.60 °C) covers 13.11%, primarily including Dianchi Lake and several smaller scattered lakes. The distribution of temperature zones is closely linked to building functions and the arrangement of blue-green ecosystems. (3) Overall, the LST of developed land types is higher compared to natural cover types, while high-rise buildings with low density can achieve more effective cooling. Among natural categories, the average LSTs of dense trees and water is 5.3 °C lower than built-up areas, showing a strong cooling effect. In contrast, paved ground and bare soil have average LSTs about 2 °C higher than built-up areas. This research offers a theoretical foundation for optimizing building layout and blue-green ecosystem design, contributing to the enhancement of the thermal environment.