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This study explores the transformation of pinecone waste into high-performance carbonaceous materials for use as potential catalyst supports. Pinecone powder (PCP) was converted into cone bio-char (CBC) through pyrolysis at 450 °C for 2 h, and further activated into chemically cone activated carbon (CAC) using KOH at 800 °C for 2 h. The thermal stability, functional groups, crystallinity, surface area and pore structure of these materials were systematically characterized using TGA-DTG, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and BET analysis. Results demonstrated that chemical activation significantly enhanced the properties of CAC compared to CBC and PCP. CAC exhibited a substantial increase in specific surface area (1058 m2/g) and pore volume (0.6 cm3/g), being 81 and 20 times higher than CBC, respectively. The activation process resulted in a predominantly mesoporous structure in CAC, renowned in catalytic applications. CAC and CBC demonstrated improved thermal stability and graphitization features compared to PCP. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and XRD analyses revealed the transformation of the lignocellulosic structure of PCP into more graphitic structures in CBC and CAC. This study revealed the potential of CAC as a high-performance, sustainable catalyst support for heterogenous catalysts applications, contributing to the valorisation of agro-waste and advancing green chemistry. Future work will explore CAC and CBC as catalyst supports in metal catalysed reactions.

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Carbonaceous Materials Derived from Pinecone Waste as Potential Alternatives for Porous Catalyst Supports

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Wanda Bout,
  • Lonwabo Ngodwana,
  • David Shooto,
  • Thokozani Xaba,
  • Elvera Viljoen,
  • Eric vaan Steen,
  • Sekomeng Johannes Modise

摘要

This study explores the transformation of pinecone waste into high-performance carbonaceous materials for use as potential catalyst supports. Pinecone powder (PCP) was converted into cone bio-char (CBC) through pyrolysis at 450 °C for 2 h, and further activated into chemically cone activated carbon (CAC) using KOH at 800 °C for 2 h. The thermal stability, functional groups, crystallinity, surface area and pore structure of these materials were systematically characterized using TGA-DTG, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and BET analysis. Results demonstrated that chemical activation significantly enhanced the properties of CAC compared to CBC and PCP. CAC exhibited a substantial increase in specific surface area (1058 m2/g) and pore volume (0.6 cm3/g), being 81 and 20 times higher than CBC, respectively. The activation process resulted in a predominantly mesoporous structure in CAC, renowned in catalytic applications. CAC and CBC demonstrated improved thermal stability and graphitization features compared to PCP. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and XRD analyses revealed the transformation of the lignocellulosic structure of PCP into more graphitic structures in CBC and CAC. This study revealed the potential of CAC as a high-performance, sustainable catalyst support for heterogenous catalysts applications, contributing to the valorisation of agro-waste and advancing green chemistry. Future work will explore CAC and CBC as catalyst supports in metal catalysed reactions.