This chapter focuses on the critique of Bauer’s theory of alienation, analyzing how Marx further develops his historical and mass perspectives through critical reflection on the theory of alienation. Bauer’s concept of alienation centers on religion and philosophy, attempting to overcome alienation through the awakening of self-consciousness. However, this theory neglects the social roots and material foundations of alienation, failing to reveal the structural contradictions within the capitalist mode of production. Through his critique of Bauer’s ideas, Marx emphasizes that alienation is not merely an issue in the realm of thought but a product of socioeconomic relations. Alienation is rooted in the actual social structure, and only by transforming production relations and social conditions can it be genuinely overcome. This critique reflects a theoretical shift from philosophical abstraction to historical practice. In discussing history and the role of the masses, Marx further highlights the significance of the masses as the creative subject of history. Historical development is not driven by individual thought or philosophical concepts but by the collective actions of the masses in material production and social practice. The masses are the fundamental force behind historical progress and social transformation, and their liberation is key to achieving human freedom.