This chapter examines Marx’s intellectual shift during his Kreuznach period, where he transitions from critiquing religion to analyzing the state. In Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, he criticizes Hegel’s idealism and makes groundbreaking progress on the issue of the relation of civil society to the state. Marx argues that the state is not an abstract entity above society but a product of specific historical conditions and class relations. Its legitimacy relies on masking social realities through ideology. Observing the state “through human eyes,” Marx distinguishes between the “human state” and “inhuman state,” exposing how Prussia’s authoritarian regime serves the interests of private owners. While his analysis retains traces of Feuerbach’s humanism, it highlights the decisive role of material interests. Rejecting Hegel’s idealist view of the state, Marx asserts that “man is the essence of all social organizations,” conducts a preliminary analysis of social quality and physical quality of human beings, and emphasizes that political power stems from social relations, not birthright. This study deepens the understanding of human emancipation, revealing that true liberation requires not only freedom from religious constraints but also freedom from the alienation of the state and law. Ultimately, comprehensive emancipation can only be achieved by transforming social reality.