This chapter critically examines the limitations of the Modern Synthesis (MS) in evolutionary biology, which reduces evolution to genetic variation and natural selection while neglecting organism-environment dynamics. It introduces current reiteration of organicism, the organisational approach, as an alternative framework, emphasising that living systems are organised wholes shaped by historicity, agency, and emergent properties. The analysis highlights how ecological dialectics and niche construction theory demonstrate organisms’ active role in modifying their selective pressures, challenging the MS’s passive view of adaptation. The discussion contrasts weak and strong emergence, arguing that biological complexity requires recognizing top-down causation. While dynamical systems theory models nonlinear evolutionary processes, its inability to predict critical transitions underscores the need for more flexible frameworks. The chapter concludes by assessing proposals like the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES), which integrates developmental processes, epigenetic inheritance, and multi-level selection. Ultimately, it calls for replacing the MS’s reductionism with a dialectical approach centred on organism-environment reciprocity—one that better accounts for the creativity, historicity, and agency inherent in evolution.