Nutritional anemia is a condition caused by iron deficiency that affects both boys and girls throughout the lifecycle. The present study evaluates nutritional anemia in association with various anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and sociodemographic behaviors among the adolescents of India. The study utilizes the first-ever nationally representative Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) data (2016–2018). The statistical tools used include bivariate analysis and multivariate ordered logit model to achieve the study objectives. In India, micronutrient deficiencies have a significant association with anemia except for vitamin B12 deficiency. Iron deficit people are likely to have a significantly higher prevalence of anemia at all severity levels (Mild: 26%; Moderate: 33%; Severe: 5.2%). The proportional odds ratio is higher among stunted individuals, showing more likely to develop anemia than non-stunted individuals. Dietary diversity depicts the proportional odds ratio is significantly lesser for those intaking the food groups, dairy products, (AOR: 0.62; p-value: 0.000) and flesh foods like meat and fish (AOR: 0.68; p-value: 0.039). The study showed that a good diet in adolescent girls could protect against anemia in women in the reproductive age-group. Food diversification among high-risk populations should focus on context-specific and integrated nutrition intervention programs to reduce anemia among adolescents.