The book discusses the latest use of satellite navigation by using optical sensors, which is technology for single-star tracking applied in accurate positioning for space. Conventional satellite navigation depends on signals from terrestrial systems such as GPS; however, satellites are located further and further away from Earth’s orbit, a hindrance to this navigation method. To counter this limitation, many researchers and engineers are pursuing a process of celestial-based navigation, using fixed stars for reference points. High-resolution and high-sensitivity optical sensors to faint light sources, in this scenario, offer a stable and predictable reference to satellites in the form of a particular star. Such stellar-based navigation gives precise orientation and positioning, which is of utmost importance for missions into deep space, where traditional earth-linked navigation cannot be used. This chapter addresses the principles underlying stellar-based positioning and the contribution of optical sensors towards realizing and sustaining accuracy by means of single-star tracking. This is achieved through using a recognizable star as an ever constant point of reference in a manner that the satellites are independently positioned to allow realization of operating independence and minimized Earth dependency in regard to positional updatings. The chapter will start by discussing the technical needs of stellar navigation optical sensors. Such technical needs include an elaborately designed sensitive imaging array and star-identification algorithms as well as error correction. The design of optical sensors is specifically for picking up low-light signals and capturing stars that could be millions of miles away through variable space environments where radiation and cosmic dust as well as extreme temperature changes are possible. It depends mostly on the capability of the optical sensor in recognition of the targeted star out of all possible nearby objects and performing adaptations on tracking parameters according to circumstances for its sureness assurance. Advanced algorithms are needed in doing so using star-tracking software, which relies on pattern detection and forecast models to find the target star always. The chapter also talks about the challenges of developing sensors that can withstand the unforgiving nature of space and operate with high dependability for times without upkeep. Some of the leading technological developments facilitating additional success with single-star satellite navigation tracking involve photodetector sensitivity, optical component miniaturization, and improvements to computational orientation and drift correction modeling. These allow for improved precision in star-based positioning but potentially also create room for multi-star tracking where the use of two or more celestial bodies is implemented to triangulate and further optimize positional accuracy. Recent case studies of missions show how optical sensors are revolutionizing navigation for satellites operating in deep space. These case studies show how single-star tracking could be used to achieve more efficient and effective navigational autonomy so that the orbits of satellites can be adopted, optimized, and adjusted autonomously with minimal possible intervention by Earth itself. For example, there can be cases where one could reach the outer planets or interstellar space through some satellite, wherein real-time guidance from Earth might seem impossible due to an inordinate distance between two bases. The chapter ends by considering the future of stellar navigation in aerospace. Further advances in optical sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and onboard processing may further increase the accuracy and adaptability of single-star tracking. Navigation with a stellar basis will undoubtedly form the core part when advancing into unknown territories for space exploration, which in itself will form a reliable and autonomous self-orienting and self-positioning of satellites. Having both current capabilities and even future possibilities covered under the discussion, this chapter provides an exhaustive overview into the role single-star optical navigation is ready to play in the next generations of satellite missions-safe as well as efficient expansion into the cosmos.