Optical sensors have become indispensable in modern technology, offering rapid, accurate, and reliable data across a wide range of applications. Among these, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are particularly prominent for measuring temperature and strain, with extensive use in aerospace applications such as composite aircraft wings. The spectral characteristics of short and long FBGs enable the precise assessment of local stresses and crack detection on aircraft bodies. Additionally, the International Space Station (ISS) presents a unique platform for the advancement of optical materials, reducing gravity-induced defects and fostering the development of high-purity, flawless optical fibers for in-space manufacturing. These investigations pave the way for new specialty fibers and scalable commercial production in microgravity environments. Looking ahead, the continued miniaturization of optical sensors will catalyze their integration into wearable devices, Internet of Things (IoT) systems, and biomedical implants, expanding their impact across emerging technological frontiers.