Physiological sensing within aircraft cabins offers the potential to enhance safety, comfort and overall flight performance for both crew and passengers. This chapter explores the application of physiological sensing technologies to aircraft environments; in particular, we discuss the integration of these sensors within aircraft cabins and on pilot crews, focusing on psychophysiological monitoring—an essential aspect of understanding and mitigating in-flight fatigue, stress, and other critical cognitive load factors affecting pilot performance. Key topics include non-invasive sensors capable of monitoring heart rate, skin conductance, and oxygenated hemoglobin levels without hindering cabin or crew operations. We examine the role of advanced materials and highlight their capability for seamless integration with current cabin and cockpit designs on the pilot, paving the way for the broader utilization of optical sensing techniques. Emphasis is placed on the technological challenges in implementing these systems, particularly within the confined, pressurized, and controlled environment of aircraft interiors. Our focus is on psychophysiological responses, and on how these sensors can be leveraged to monitor cognitive and emotional states.