Due to its potential to address energy and environmental issues, photocatalysis has gained more attention in recent years as a green and sustainable technology. Because of their special qualities and attributes, a variety of metal-free photocatalytic materials have been created and developed in recent years for a range of applications in an effort to provide highly effective and affordable photocatalysts. Although many excellent catalysts have been created, there are still major obstacles in the way of reducing the price and improving the catalytic activity of catalysts. An excellent replacement for outdated catalysts is the creation of carbon-based nanostructured materials (i.e., graphite, fullerenes, carbon nitride, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, graphene, and diamond). Researchers have worked very hard to improve several metal nanostructures based on carbon as catalysts. Furthermore, remarkable advancements have been made in a number of catalysis-related disciplines, including electrochemical performance, visible-light-induced catalysis, and energy storage and conversion. This chapter provides an overview of the most recent advancements in the design and production of metal nanostructures based on carbon, serving as photocatalysts through a variety of green approaches. Furthermore, in relation to their environmentally benign applications, the photocatalytic properties of the derived carbon-based nanostructure classes are also discussed.