Nanostructure photocatalysts have recently gained attention as effective materials for environmental remediation, offering potential in the degradation of various pollutants. These materials, including metal oxides, precious metals, and carbon-based nanostructures, demonstrate significant capacity in breaking down contaminants. However, alongside their performance, there are increasing concerns about their long-term environmental impact, particularly regarding safety and sustainability. This chapter provides an overview of prominent nanostructure photocatalysts utilized in pollutant removal, examining their mechanisms and effectiveness in various applications. Importantly, we look into the potential environmental consequences of their use, as improper disposal or degradation could exacerbate pollution problems. To address this, we emphasize a lifecycle perspective, assessing the role these materials play from synthesis to disposal, and discussing the environmental implications throughout their lifecycle. For the future perspective, we also briefly describe the methods for the safe synthesis and sustainability of photocatalystuse, via adopting eco-friendly practices, improved structural stability, and functional adjustments. This approach contributes to a more responsible utilization of nanostructured materials, aligning their effectiveness with environmental stewardship and minimizing potential adverse effects.