Under the dual pressures of industry-driven urbanization and environmental degradation, enhancing the coupling and coordination of land use efficiency (LUE) and green manufacturing systems (GMS) is critical for achieving low-carbon transitions in urban agglomerations. This paper investigates the coupling and coordination mechanism between LUE and GMS, and its impact on regional carbon emissions in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle. By constructing a multidimensional evaluation index system and employing an entropy-weighted coupling coordination degree (CCD) model with panel data from 16 cities over 11 years (2007–2017), combined with a two-way fixed effects model, this paper reveals that the CCD between LUE and GMS significantly inhibits regional carbon emissions. The results confirm that a 1% increase in CCD reduces carbon emissions by 0.23%, highlighting the systemic benefits of aligned industry-land strategies. These findings advance theoretical frameworks for industry-land synergies, methodologically enhance coordination assessments through entropy-weighted CCD, and provide theoretical insights for regional industry-land integration, and offer policy implications for low-carbon transitions in global industrial agglomerations.