This chapter reviews the main literature so far published on the anthropometric history of Chile for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, focussing on the evolution of adult height and its determinants. It also provides the results of two novel databases, particularly important for documenting women’s stature. As the primary determinants of adult height are the nutritional status of the population, the epidemiological environment and the prevalence of child labour, we first assessed the evolution of these determinants for those two centuries, concluding that before the late 1980s, the nutritional status of the bulk of the population was deficient; thereafter the country experienced an accelerated nutrition transition; by the late 1920s, the epidemiological environment was poor, characterised by very high mortality rates; thereafter, the country experienced an accelerated epidemiological transition, mainly completed during the 1930s–1980s; the prevalence of child labour was very high until the first decades of the twentieth century; afterwards there was a gradual reduction of child labour, and it was almost entirely eradicated by 1990. It is not surprising to find that there was height stagnation for cohorts born during the nineteenth century; the biological welfare of Chilean population only started to improve from the 1940s, with great gains in height during the late twentieth century.