This chapter provides an overview of the scholarship that examines the evolution of biological welfare from the pre-Columbian period to the present, and, in doing so, it contributed to the anthropometric history of Mexico. The research findings that weave this history are interdisciplinary, and they help assess the effect of the transition from hunters and gatherers to agrarian societies, the impact of colonization, the effects of economic and political transformations since independence to industrialization and economic modernization in the twentieth century. The evolution of average adult stature is the connecting thread to narrate this process. Different factors explain the evolution over this period. In earlier periods, nutrition, health, natural resource endowment, environment, and workload are key determinants. In the twentieth century, education, health care, and income level became the main determinants of changes in stature. The research findings presented show the possibilities and potential of multidisciplinary research on the evolution of biological welfare.