Rammed earth is an ancient construction technique experiencing renewed interest due to its low environmental impact, energy efficiency, strength, and durability properties, which presents unique challenges in modern building practices. This review paper provides a detailed synthesis of current research on the strength and durability of rammed earth structures. A systematic review of the studies is done on the factors affecting the strength and durability of rammed earth walls, including soil composition, moisture content, dry density, compaction techniques, stabilization techniques, and response to field exposure. Studies indicate that properly constructed rammed earth walls can achieve compressive strengths comparable to load bearing masonry walls and exhibit good durability when protected from excessive moisture. However, significant variability in performance is observed due to differences in material properties, stabilization techniques, slenderness ratio, construction quality control, etc. The paper also illustrates different testing methods employed to assess the strength and durability of rammed earth walls. By analyzing these investigations, the review identifies trends and gaps in current knowledge of the parameters that affect the mechanical properties of rammed earth structures, need for standardized testing method, thus offering insights into optimization for enhanced longevity and resilience so as to improve the reliability and applicability of rammed earth construction.