Marine coating materials are crucial for protecting ship structures and equipment against harsh conditions. Composite coatings, known for their superior corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and environmental adaptability, have become the preferred choice for shielding ship base steel plates. With the burgeoning cruise ship industry’s venture into polar expeditions, the need for marine composite coatings capable of withstanding extreme cold has intensified. This study leverages ANSIS finite element analysis software to investigate the adaptability and performance of composite coatings on polar cruise ships under severe cold conditions. Our research follows a threefold approach: (1) This paper focus on a high-performance composite coating with an epoxy resin base, employing nonlinear viscoelastic material theory to establish a model of the coating’s behaviour. (2) This paper then derive a stress calculation equation for the composite coating, based on thermal analysis theory and the control equation’s fixed solution conditions. (3) Utilizing ANSIS software, this paper simulates the thermal compatibility of the composite coating and steel plate substrate under extreme cold, assessing deformation, stress, and strain distribution. The evaluation, based on the Isai-Wu failure criterion, confirms the coating’s cold resistance. This study not only provides a theoretical foundation for understanding composite coatings’ environmental performance but also offers insights for future enhancements.