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The groundwater contains iron, fluoride and arsenic above permissible limits for drinking. The rural households use indigenous household filters to remove iron from groundwater. However, such filters are ineffective in the removal/reduction of fluoride and arsenic. Hence, it is needed to produce drinking water from surface waters such as river and pond using improved and modified filters. An improved filter has produced filtered water of 0.2–2.4 NTU from raw river water with turbidity of 7.6–22.4 NTU. Similarly, turbidity of pond water has decreased from 21.9–45.1 NTU to 0.4–1.6 NTU upon filtration by modified filter. The turbidity of filtered waters is within permissible limit of 5 NTU. The filtered river water has shown faecal contamination on 3 occasions only out of 24 tests, whereas no faecal contamination is observed in the filtered pond water out of 37 tests. Overall, the filtered waters produced through the improved and modified filters appear to be safer for consumption of rural households.

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Drinking Water Production Through Improved and Modified Indigenous Household Filters Using Surface Waters

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Rajala Varaprasad Reddy,
  • Puru Mittal,
  • Mohammad Jawed

摘要

The groundwater contains iron, fluoride and arsenic above permissible limits for drinking. The rural households use indigenous household filters to remove iron from groundwater. However, such filters are ineffective in the removal/reduction of fluoride and arsenic. Hence, it is needed to produce drinking water from surface waters such as river and pond using improved and modified filters. An improved filter has produced filtered water of 0.2–2.4 NTU from raw river water with turbidity of 7.6–22.4 NTU. Similarly, turbidity of pond water has decreased from 21.9–45.1 NTU to 0.4–1.6 NTU upon filtration by modified filter. The turbidity of filtered waters is within permissible limit of 5 NTU. The filtered river water has shown faecal contamination on 3 occasions only out of 24 tests, whereas no faecal contamination is observed in the filtered pond water out of 37 tests. Overall, the filtered waters produced through the improved and modified filters appear to be safer for consumption of rural households.