The Three Poles are the region most affected by global warming and a typical area of multi-layered interactions in the global climate system, playing an important role in the global energy and water cycle. At present, there are no remote sensing satellites targeting the three poles in China. Traditional research on the three poles is independent and has shortcomings in terms of detection elements, coverage, and revisit cycles. This article introduces some foreign satellites used for polar exploration and analyzes the shortcomings and solutions of domestic satellites. Finally, based on the optical characteristics of the three pole detection elements, the load setting requirements were given, and the observation capability of the Walker constellation for any region of the world and the polar regions was analyzed. It can achieve an average revisit time of 12–85 min for any region of the world, 12–35 min for the Arctic region, and 0.5 h level monitoring of polar ice caps and shipping lanes. It can also achieve 4–16 revisits per day and a coverage rate of 96%.