Passive Structure in Kurmānji and Its Morphological and Sociological Changes
摘要
The dominance of Persian (heretofore Farsi) as the official language of Iran has led to changes in the minority languages and, at the very least, a reduction in their sociocultural role. The present study examines the passive structure of Kurmanji, one of the three main Kurdish languages. Based on data collected from radio programs, interviews, and semi-structured questions, 1258 sentences were extracted; among them, 100 sentences were left out due to being incomplete or irrelevant, and 1158 sentences were categorized and analyzed. The data analysis identifies two different structures for the passive in the Kurmanji of Northeastern and North areas in Iran. The first is the historical structure, cited as the only Kurmanji passive form constructed by conjugating hātin plus the infinitive, noun, or adjective, and is still used to passivize simple verbs. This auxiliary, which belongs to the action verb group, is typologically less common among languages. The second passive construction consists of a noun/adjective plus bûn and passivizes the compound verbs, which has become more common in recent years. This form is in alignment with Farsi and follows its passive structure in both word order and meaning (bûn is an auxiliary of the being class, which means shod in Farsi). The frequency comparison of the mentioned forms shows that the historical passive construction (36.45%) is less frequent than the New Analytic passive (63.54%). The data analysis also shows a slight gender difference in the use of the New Analytic structure; that is, women are more likely to use the so-called prestigious language and employ the New Analytic passive. In addition, the result shows that Kurmanji speakers with higher levels of education tend to use New Analytic constructions.