The South African merino wool industry is known for providing a high-quality, environmentally sound product that meets the needs of the textile industry and produces more than 13% of the world’s apparel-specific wool. Furthermore, South Africa’s mohair industry is responsible for more than 50% of global mohair production. The luxurious appearance, unique structure, and resilience of mohair yarns make them popular in products like clothing items (suits, coats, jerseys, scarves, socks, etc.), blankets, furnishings, upholstery, curtains, carpets, and more. In many of these applications, the thermal resistance and moisture management properties of the fabrics play an important role in ensuring their functionality. Socks for diabetics is one example of an application where mohair, wool, and nylon are combined with bamboo in specially designed socks that meet the specific requirements of the patients. This chapter offers a comprehensive review of contemporary research and development initiatives focused on wool and mohair. Additionally, it delves into the methodologies employed to assess the performance and quality of these fibers and related products.