Soil erosion, nutrient loss, and poor agricultural production are major concerns in African agriculture, with the conventional fertilizers proving to be ineffective in most instances, leading to environmental pollution and excessive cost for smallholder farmers. In this chapter, the potential of nanotechnology in soil fertility management and crop production is discussed, assessing its benefits, limitations, and challenges in Africa. A critical review of peer-reviewed articles, reports, and case studies on nanosensors, nanofertilizers, and agro-nanotechnologies was conducted systematically. Findings indicate that nanofertilizers improve crop fertilizer utilization by 20–50%, reduce environmental losses, and enhance crop yields by 15–30%. However, cheap production, relaxed regulation, and low farmer knowledge create impediments for mass adoption. The chapter shows that nanotechnology can offer transformative solutions to Africa’s sustainable agriculture but requires policy transformation, investment in research, and agricultural education. There is a need to increase research in nanotechnology, developing regulatory frameworks, and public–private collaborations to allow scalable adoption and delivery of food security while minimizing environmental impacts.