During his first two terms in office, for eight years from January 2003 to January 2011, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva carried out a significant, varied, and innovative set of international policies. For doing so, he relied on the highly qualified diplomats of the Ministry of External Relations (Ministério das Relações Exteriores, also known as Itamaraty), on the high level of expertise of Ambassador Celso Amorim, his external relations minister for the entire duration of his two terms, and on a firm, resolute and determined will to make Brazil a central protagonist in international politics. In order to achieve these goals, he implemented a vigorous external policy, undertook numerous international trips, and strengthened Itamaraty’s human and material resources. In addition to the traditional axes of Brazilian external policy (South and Latin America, United States, Europe, China), he implemented new and creative policies toward geographical areas that he identified as important for Brazil. One of these is the Middle East. Under the impetus of President Lula and Minister Celso Amorim, Brazil’s diplomatic presence in this region has been strengthened, with numerous visits by the president and the minister, and initiatives on a wide range of issues, including the strengthening of cooperation with Turkey on the Iranian nuclear issue, and interventions and actions on the Israeli-Palestinian issue. These initiatives and dynamics positioned Brazil as a major player, respected and listened to, in the broader context of contemporary international relations. The aim of this chapter is to explain the main dimensions and results of this policy toward the Middle East. In addition to scholarly and scientific sources, the documentary base includes speeches, statements, and press releases from the president, the minister, and Itamaraty. Another relevant source is Celso Amorim’s memoirs of his eight years as minister of external relations under President Lula, which are largely devoted to the Middle Eastern issues.