This paper explores the key factors and optimization pathways of trust mechanisms in humanitarian relief logistics. By defining the concept of humanitarian relief logistics and analyzing the critical elements and interrelationships in the rapid trust mechanism, the study establishes an evolutionary game model involving four-party relief organizations. This model provides both a theoretical foundation and operational strategies for fostering trust within humanitarian logistics. Using six centrality indicators and ISM-MICMAC analysis, the study identifies the factors that significantly influence the rapid trust network and uncovers their roles and positions within the system. The results indicate that management structure and synergies are essential drivers of the accuracy and efficiency of relief operations. The evolutionary game analysis suggests that a high initial level of trust is pivotal in building stable trust relationships, particularly highlighting the importance of key organizations’ trust levels for relational stability. The findings offer practical insights for enhancing current relief operations and contribute valuable theoretical and practical perspectives to the sustainable development of humanitarian logistics.