The internal situation in Iran remained turbulent during much of 2023 and 2024 for several reasons. The country was slowly coming out of the impact of the protests over mandatory hijab rules in the wake of the death of Mahsa Jina Amini in September 2022. However, the outbreak of war in Gaza after the Hamas-led attack against Israel drew Iran into a direct confrontation with Israel in 2024. Tragedy struck when in May, President Ebrahim Raisi along with several cabinet colleagues and government, including Foreign Minister Hossein Abdollahian, was killed in a helicopter crash in May 2024 in northwest Iran. In July, the killing of Ismael Haniyeh, in an alleged Israeli attack, in Tehran underlined the security vulnerability faced by Iran. A change of government, bringing the reformist back to power, did not do much to raise hope for a brighter future. Iran is expected to face increased external pressure under Trump 2.0. India’s engagement with Iran has continued despite the internal churn and regional developments, but is likely to face greater scrutiny especially as the US under Trump is likely to put greater pressure on its international partners to reduce engagements with Iran.