Chromoplasts are carotenoid-containing plastids. They primarily form through chloroplast-to-chromoplast transition, involving structural modifications such as thylakoid membrane dismantling, chlorophyll degradation, and the formation of plastoglobules for pigment storage. At the molecular level, chromoplast differentiation is controlled by complex regulatory networks and dynamic regulation of plastid protein import systems through TOC/TIC complexes. Environmental factors such as light, temperature, and abiotic stressors further regulate this transition, influencing carotenoid biosynthesis and stability. Chromoplasts contribute to plant defence and stress resilience with carotenoids acting as antioxidants and precursors to signalling molecules like abscisic acid (ABA) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which mediate drought resistance, herbivore defence, and pathogen response. The antioxidant properties of carotenoids further protect plant cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Future research on chromoplast differentiation and other plastid functions will expand our understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes. This knowledge has the potential to support the development of resilient, nutrient-rich crops suited to evolving agricultural and environmental challenges.