Chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic event where a free-living cyanobacterium was engulfed by a eukaryotic host, leading to the transfer of many genes to the host nucleus. As a result, although modern chloroplasts contain 3000–4500 proteins, only about 120 are encoded by the chloroplast genome. The vast majority are encoded by nuclear genes and imported into the chloroplast posttranslationally. This import process involves several steps, beginning with guiding the preproteins in the cytosol to the chloroplast envelope, where they bind to specific receptors. The preproteins are then transported across the chloroplast’s outer and inner envelopes by the TOC-TIC (translocon at the outer/inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts) machinery, a hetero-oligomeric complex. This chapter aims to provide an understanding of chloroplast biogenesis and protein import, covering the journey of preproteins from the cytosol to their final destination within the chloroplast, the components of the import apparatus, and the regulation of this process. Additionally, it explores current perspectives on the existence of multiple TOC-TIC complexes and their specific roles in dynamically regulating the chloroplast proteome.