Carcinogenic dust is a key contributor to the global lung cancer burden, as the dust particles (PM 2.5) may readily pass through the upper respiratory barriers and enter lung alveoli. Chromosomal instability, cell cycle arrest, mdig expression, apoptosis and necrosis are the subsequent events leading to lung cancer once the dust particles are engulfed by the alveolar macrophages. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are the two subtypes of lung cancer accounting for over 20% of all cancer deaths worldwide. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified all of the dusts that contain crystalline silica, outdoor air pollutants, cadmium (Cd), vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), welding fumes, radon, asbestos, hardwood dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel exhausts (DEs), chromium-VI (Cr-VI), and nickel (Ni) as ‘Group 1’ carcinogens. This chapter discusses the various dust particles, their exposure pattern, and carcinogenic effects leading to the development of lung cancer, along with the findings of recent investigations from various countries regarding dust-induced lung cancer incidences, mortality rate, and death toll. Additionally, the potential pathophysiological mechanism of lung malignancy caused by inhaling carcinogenic dusts has been revealed. Thus, this chapter warns policymakers to reconsider the safety recommendations for workers in occupations that are assumed to involve dust.