This chapter presents the history, as well as the development of agriculture in Cambodia with a focus on its significance to the national economy, policies that the government has implemented and their impact on the livelihood of the people of Cambodia. Important issues addressed include food security and rice self-sufficiency, the effects of policies and climate change effects on vulnerability, digitalization, and strategies designed to alleviate agriculture-related poverty. The chapter raises concerns over the overuse of self-sufficiency rates as it does not measure those in need of food but without the capacity to purchase.