Sustainability has been a buzzword in many aspects of operation. In the context of environmental sustainability, biodegradable materials have been identified as one of the primary pillars that are going to safeguard the lives of the current and future generations from the hazards presented by non-biodegradable materials. As a result, the investigation and use of biodegradable materials in a wide range of industries is seen as important and necessary. The vogue of fast fashion and consumer cravings has exacerbated environmental threats posed by the textile and garment industry. The textile industry is among the world’s largest suppliers of garbage, with the majority of materials being synthetic and non-biodegradable. A thorough investigation into the development and application of biodegradable materials is required to protect the environment from the harmful impacts of large non-biodegradable materials and to provide more sustainable textiles for various purposes. This chapter discusses the rationale behind replacing non-biodegradable materials with biodegradable materials, the classification of biodegradable materials (both natural and synthetically generated biodegradable materials), the biodegradation mechanism, literature on biodegradable fibers/fabrics, major challenges, and future opportunities.