Africa’s drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change, threatening the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers and pastoralists. To enhance resilience and sustainability, there is a need to mainstream circular ecosystem-based approaches into national climate adaptation strategies. This study examines the potential of circular ecosystem-based adaptation (CEBA) to enhance the resilience and sustainability of crop-livestock systems in Africa’s drylands. The study reviews successful CEBA practices and policies in Southern Africa, East Africa, and West Africa, highlighting their impacts on ecosystem services, livelihoods, and climate resilience. Case studies from South Africa, Mali, Kenya, Niger, and other countries demonstrate the effectiveness of CEBA approaches in improving soil fertility, increasing crop yields, promoting biodiversity, and enhancing ecosystem services. The study identifies key enabling factors, including policy support, institutional capacity, and community engagement, and highlights the need for a coordinated approach to mainstream CEBA into national climate adaptation strategies. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to promote sustainable and resilient crop-livestock systems in Africa’s drylands.