Climate change is a common challenge faced by the global community, and implementing carbon reduction measures to address climate change has become a global consensus. This chapter outlines the current status of carbon emissions and carbon neutrality actions in major countries and regions worldwide. Regarding carbon reduction policies, energy and ecology currently represent two primary focus areas for nations. In terms of carbon reduction technologies, countries are mainly committed to developing and applying new energy technologies and artificial carbon sink technologies (such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies, CCUS). Centered on current global carbon reduction initiatives, this chapter further proposes the concept of carbon reduction engineering—an integration of all engineering technical approaches for achieving emission reductions, including new and renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency technologies, CCUS technologies, and carbon sink technologies. Subsequently, it describes the characteristics and technological systems of carbon reduction engineering. Finally, the chapter reviews relevant research in three aspects: driving factors and mechanisms of carbon emissions, carbon reduction engineering technologies, and carbon peaking/carbon neutrality goals, and emphasizes the need to further develop systematic theories for carbon reduction engineering and, guided by these theories, conduct research on related models and technologies for application in carbon reduction engineering practices.