Microbial biopolymers and biocomposites emerge as sustainable alternatives to synthetic petroleum-based polymers in the textile industry. These biopolymers offer inherent biodegradability and biocompatibility, addressing growing environmental concerns about persistent plastic waste and ecological pollution. Microbial biopolymers possess unique properties such as film-forming and gelling capabilities, which make them suitable for diverse textile applications. This chapter examines two prominent examples: bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). BC, produced by bacteria such as Komagataeibacter xylinus, boasts a nanofibrillar structure, high water retention, and potential as an eco-friendly vegan leather alternative. PHAs, synthesized by bacterial fermentation, are carbon-neutral, biodegradable polyesters with tunable mechanical and thermal properties. The chapter explores their biosynthesis pathways, emphasizing key enzymes and regulatory mechanisms. Despite their promise, challenges such as limited mechanical strength and high production costs hinder widespread adoption. To address these limitations, microbial biocomposites i.e. advanced materials integrating microbial biopolymers with natural or synthetic textile substrates are introduced. These biocomposites demonstrate enhanced thermal stability, durability, and functionality, thereby broadening their applicability in smart textiles, wearable technologies, and functional apparel. By bridging the gap between biotechnology and material science, this work underscores the transformative potential of microbial-based systems in fostering sustainable textile innovation.